Where are polyamines found?
Polyamines are ubiquitous in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (Liu et al., 2016, 2017), and are found even in plant RNA viruses and plant tumors. They have potent biological activities. There are numerous forms of PAs. In higher plants, PAs are predominantly present in their free form.
What are polyamines examples?
The principal examples are the triamine and tetraamine spermidine and spermine. They are structurally and biosynthetically related to the diamines putrescine and cadaverine. Polyamine metabolism is regulated by the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC).
Are polyamines toxic?
Maintenance of the appropriate polyamine level is necessary to allow these functions, and excess polyamine levels can lead to toxicity. Toxic effects also result as a result of polyamine catabolism, which can generate reactive aldehydes and reactive oxygen species.
What are polyamines in bacteria?
The two most common polyamines found in bacteria are putrescine and spermidine. The investigation of polyamine function in bacteria has revealed that they are involved in a number of functions other than growth, which include incorporation into the cell wall and biosynthesis of siderophores.
Are polyamines good?
Polyamines are essential for promoting cell growth. Polyamines could be part of a response of the cells to nutrient availability, especially sugars, that would induce the cells to grow or not [87, 88]. They are also implicated in apoptosis but as often with polyamines, with contradictory results [reviewed in 89].
What does polyamine smell like?
Some polyamines have characteristic names like cadaverine, spermine and putrescine (putridus in Latin means rotten or decayed). Hence, these substances have in higher concentrations an unpleasant smell and signal danger to humans and many animals.
How many polyamines are there?
They have since been found in all eukaryotes and most prokaryotes. Polyamines are polycations (Figure 1) and thus one of their main features is to interact with negatively charged molecules, such as DNA, RNA or proteins….
| Transporters | Number of human homologues |
|---|---|
| PotA, PotG | 75+ |
What foods contain the most spermidine?
The food categories with the highest contents of spermidine and spermine are cereals, legumes and soy derivatives. Wheat germ and soybeans stand out in particular, with respective values of 2,437 and 1,425 nmol/g for spermidine and 722 nmol/g and 341 nmol/g for spermine (37, 59).
Where is spermine found?
Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism that is found in all eukaryotic cells. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. It is an essential growth factor in some bacteria as well. It is found as a polycation at physiological pH.
What does polyamine oxidase cause to cells when added to media?
Polyamine Oxidase Is One of the Key Elements for Oxidative Burst to Induce Programmed Cell Death in Tobacco Cultured Cells.
How is Cadaverine produced?
Cadaverine is formed through the decarboxylation of L-lysine, and thus its biosynthesis depends on L-lysine. Two different pathways evolved separately for L-lysine biosynthesis: the diaminopimelic acid (DAP) route in bacteria and plants; and the α-aminoadipic acid pathway in most fungi and some archaea [13], [14].
What is the role of polyamines?
Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation. Polyamine content is higher in rapidly growing tissues, and regenerative and growth-promoting hormonal stimuli enhance polyamine synthesis and content (15,–17).
Are polyamines present in the outer membranes of Escherichia coli?
Koski, P., and Vaara, M. ( 1991) Polyamines as constituents of the outer membranes of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 173: 3695 – 3699 . Kuper, C., and Jung, K. ( 2005) CadC-mediated activation of the cadBA promoter in Escherichia coli. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 10: 26 – 39 .
What is the function of polyamine in bacteria?
The investigation of polyamine function in bacteria has revealed that they are involved in a number of functions other than growth, which include incorporation into the cell wall and biosynthesis of siderophores. They are also important in acid resistance and can act as a free radical ion scavenger.
What are the different types of polyamines?
The most common polyamines are putrescine, spermidine and spermine, which exist in varying concentrations in different organisms. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as gene expression, cell growth, survival, stress response and proliferation.