What is Thyroidisation of tubules?
Thyroidization of tubules is characterized by enlarged round tubules with markedly flattened epithelium with uniform intratubular casts, resembling thyroid colloid. Immunofluorescence microscopy: No specific staining.
What is a non functioning kidney?
A non-functioning kidney was defined as one having paper-thin parenchyma on urinary ultrasound or computed tomography, exhibiting no contrast visualization in the collecting duct system on intravenous urography and having a split renal function of <10% on nuclear renal function studies.
What is the common cause of chronic pyelonephritis?
Reflux of infected urine into the renal pelvis is the usual mechanism. Causes include obstructive uropathy.
What causes chronic glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis can be caused by various of factors including: Toxins or medicines. Viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses. IgA nephropathy.
What causes Nephrosclerosis?
nephrosclerosis, hardening of the walls of the small arteries and arterioles (small arteries that convey blood from arteries to the even smaller capillaries) of the kidney. This condition is caused by hypertension (high blood pressure).
What causes renal osteodystrophy?
Osteodystrophy is most often the result of chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition in which the gradual loss of renal (kidney) function causes wastes to accumulate in the body as the kidneys start to fail.
What causes kidney failures?
What causes kidney failure? High blood pressure and diabetes are the two most common causes of kidney failure. They can also become damaged from physical injury, diseases, or other disorders.
What are the stages of kidney failure?
Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (>90 mL/min/1.73 m 2) Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m 2) Stage 3a: Moderate reduction in GFR (45-59 mL/min/1.73 m 2) Stage 3b: Moderate reduction in GFR (30-44 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
What is the best treatment for pyelonephritis?
Outpatient oral antibiotic therapy with a fluoroquinolone is successful in most patients with mild uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Other effective alternatives include extended-spectrum penicillins, amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, cephalosporins, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Who is at risk for pyelonephritis?
Although pyelonephritis can occur among any group of people, young women are most at risk, particularly between the ages of 15 and 29. This may have to do with the role of frequent sexual intercourse in introducing bacteria to the exterior opening of the urethra and from there to the bladder.
What is the treatment of glomerulonephritis?
Corticosteroids such as prednisone. Dialysis, which helps clean the blood, remove extra fluid and control blood pressure. Diuretics (water pills) to reduce swelling. Immunosuppressants, if a problem with the immune system causes the glomerulonephritis.
What causes thyroid dysfunction in kidney disease?
Kidney disease may also cause thyroid dysfunction by several mechanisms. Nephrotic syndrome has been associated to changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. Different forms of glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial disease may be linked to thyroid derangements.
How does hyperthyroidism affect the kidneys?
Thyroid hormones influence renal development, kidney hemodynamics, glomerular filtration rate and sodium and water homeostasis. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism affect renal function by direct renal effects as well as systemic hemodynamic, metabolic and cardiovascular effects.
Can drugs used to treat thyroid disease cause kidney problems?
Drugs used in the therapy of thyroid disease may lead to renal complications and, similarly, drugs used in kidney disorders may be associated to thyroid alterations.
What are the effects of low thyroid hormone levels in kidney disease?
Lastly, low thyroid hormones, especially low triiodothyronine levels, in patients with chronic kidney disease have been related to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.