What is the difference between organophosphorus and organophosphate?
Organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR)3, a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid.
What is meant by organophosphate poisoning?
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents. Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion.
Why are organochlorines toxic?
Organochlorine toxicity is mainly due to stimulation of the central nervous system (Table 3). Cyclodines, such as the GABA antagonists endosulphan and lindane, inhibit the calcium ion influx and Ca- and Mg-ATPase causing release of neurotransmittors (Mathew, 2012).
Which pesticide is known as an organophosphate?
Organophosphate insecticides (such as diazinon) are one type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the body called acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme is critical for controlling nerve signals in the body. The damage to this enzyme kills pests and may cause unwanted side effects in exposed humans.
What is are the difference S between organophosphate and carbamate poisoning?
Carbamates are cleared spontaneously within about 48 hours after exposure. Organophosphates, however, can irreversibly bind to cholinesterase.
What is an example of an organophosphate?
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are a diverse group of chemicals used in both domestic and industrial settings. Examples of organophosphates include the following: Insecticides – Malathion, parathion, diazinon, fenthion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, ethion. Nerve gases – Soman, sarin, tabun, VX.
What are some examples of organophosphates?
Examples of organophosphates include the following:
- Insecticides – Malathion, parathion, diazinon, fenthion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, ethion.
- Nerve gases – Soman, sarin, tabun, VX.
- Ophthalmic agents – Echothiophate, isoflurophate.
- Antihelmintics – Trichlorfon.
- Herbicides – Tribufos (DEF), merphos.
What are organochlorines used for?
What are ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES? Organochlorine pesticides are chlorinated hydrocarbons used extensively from the 1940s through the 1960s in agriculture and mosquito control.
Why are organochlorines banned?
Although these compounds were widely used in the 1940s in large quantities, they were banned in developed countries in the 1970s because of their high persistence in the environment and their harmful effects in human health.
Is carbamate and organophosphate?
Carbamates are a class of insecticides structurally and mechanistically similar to organophosphate (OP) insecticides. Carbamates are N-methyl carbamates derived from a carbamic acid and cause carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junctions.
Is atropine an organophosphate?
The mainstays of medical therapy in organophosphate (OP) poisoning include atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM), and benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam).
What are organochlorines and organophosphates?
Among the various classes of pesticides, organochlorines and organophosphates are widely used. Organochlorines are known for their high persistence and toxicity characteristics. These pesticides cause neurological damage, endocrine disorders, and have acute and chronic health effects.
How is organophosphate poisoning distinguished from other poisoning?
Organophosphate poisoning is distinguished from other types of poisoning by a very fast onset of symptoms. If you have symptoms of organophosphate poisoning, your doctor try to determine how severely you were exposed. They will do this through blood and urine tests. How is organophosphate poisoning treated?
Why are organochlorines so hazardous?
The hazardous nature of organochlorines was explained by citing different examples. The menace caused by endosulfan is of great concern. Endosulfan remains in the environment for longer periods and bio-accumulates in plants and animals which leads to contamination of food consumed by humans (Briz et al., 2011).
What are the complications of organophosphate (OP) toxicity?
Organophosphate poisoning can cause several serious complications. These include: metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (excess sugar in urine)