In some occasions, you will have to write an essay in the extremely short amount of time on the exam in college or high school. Also, you may be a little bit of a procrastinator, and find yourself in a situation when the paper is due tomorrow morning, and you have not even chosen the topic yet. Even though a last-minute essay cannot look as great as a work prepared successively and carefully within the whole time given, you still have a chance to submit a decent paper. The working process will require your full attention and a lot of effort, even if you are assigned a simple essay. However, if you learn the next few tips, the essay writing will seem significantly easier and feasible even when you are short on time.

Firstly, clean up your working space to get started. Make sure you have everything you need on the table, take a pen, a few sticky notes, your laptop, and read through the assignment requirements. In case no prompt is given, search for good essay topics, and pick a few uncommon and interesting ones you will be able to write about. Making a final choice, think which topic is the most relevant to your current studies and will not take too much to research.

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When you have the data you need to produce a quality work, it is crucial to think about the structure of the future paper. If you are not sure how to write an essay outline properly, check what your essay type is first. Each type is organized differently, so you need to look up the structure every time you are given an essay homework. You can also search for an example of the essay on your topic, and adhere to its outline. No matter what kind of essay you are going to write, it is important to start with a thesis statement. It should declare what problem you will review in the paper, and which facts or arguments you will use to do it professionally. As these arguments will be discussed in the main part of the essay, outline the body paragraphs and put down a few sentences with the rough description of each paragraph. Think of the way you will engage the reader in the introduction, and which thought will be conclusive for the paper. When the direction of the work is clear from the outline, use it to draft the first version of the essay.

If you are not used to model essay writing, do not worry - your draft should not necessarily look like a masterpiece. It is only the depiction of your thoughts, and as you will have them written down, it will be easier to create a good essay. There is no best way to write an essay, so trust the working methods you usually use. You may like taking short breaks once in a few minutes, or write everything in one sit - just make sure to keep the focus on writing and avoid the urge to call a friend or watch something online. Thus, you will finish the paper faster, and will not feel guilty for engaging in other activities afterwards.

Do not forget to go through the essay a few times after the completion. Everyone makes typos and mistakes by accident, but it is about you to find and fix them before your teacher does. If you need help with an essay editing, try asking a friend or a family member to read and analyze your work. Also, you can order editing services in case your paper needs to be perfectly polished so that you can submit an ideal essay and get an excellent grade.

As these steps are simple to follow, you will not have any problems coping with an essay on time. Try the whole procedure at least once, and you will not have to use any other tips preparing an essay paper during your studies!

Which of the following pigment is involved in non-photochemical quenching?

Antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin dissipate the energy from the photon as heat preserving the integrity of photosystem II. This dissipation of energy as heat is one form of non-photochemical quenching.

Is PsbS the site of non-photochemical quenching in photosynthesis?

Along with a low thylakoid lumen pH and the presence of de-epoxidized xanthophylls, PsbS is necessary for photoprotective thermal dissipation (qE) of excess absorbed light energy in plants, measured as non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence.

How is Photoinhibition measured?

Photoinhibition can be measured from isolated thylakoid membranes or their subfractions, or from intact cyanobacterial cells by measuring the light-saturated rate of oxygen evolution in the presence of an artificial electron acceptor (quinones and dichlorophenol-indophenol have been used).

How does non photochemical quenching work?

Nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) is a process in which excess absorbed light energy is dissipated into heat. This process takes place in the photosynthetic membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (Demmig-Adams et al., 2014).

How do you calculate photochemical efficiency?

When all the traps are closed the maximum fluorescence level (Fm) is reached. Variable fluorescence is obtained by subtracting F0 from Fm (Fv = Fm-F0). The potential yield of the photochemical reaction is therefore given by Fv/fm, which is quantitatively related to the photochemical efficiency of PSII.

What is Xanthophyll pigment?

Xanthophylls are yellow pigments that are one of the important divisions of the carotenoid group. The word xanthophylls is made up of the Greek word xanthos, meaning yellow, and phyllon, meaning leaf.

What is PsbS protein?

The PsbS protein controls the macro-organisation of photosystem II complexes in the grana membranes of higher plant chloroplasts.

What is meant by photoinhibition?

Photoinhibition is defined as the decrease in photochemical efficiency experienced in response to intense illumination due to radiation damages.

How do you calculate Npq?

Hence, the level of NPQ can be calculated as (Fm−Fm’)/Fm’. Another parameter, qN, is used to calculate nonphotochemical quenching: qN = (Fm−Fm’)/Fm. This parameter describes the percentage of quenching in a similar manner to ΦPSII.

What is FV FM?

Fv/Fm is a normalized ratio created by dividing variable fluorescence by maximum fluorescence. It is a measurement ratio that represents the maximum potential quantum efficiency of Photosystem II if all capable reaction centers were open.

What is photochemical efficiency?

Photosystem II photochemical efficiency is quantified from chlorophyll fluorescence signals as the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm), with maximal values of 0.85 equaling an 85% efficiency of the conversion of absorbed light into photochemistry.

What is non-photochemical quenching?

Non-photochemical quenching is measured by the quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and is distinguished from photochemical quenching by applying a bright light pulse to transiently saturate photochemical quenching thus removing its contribution from the observed quenching.

Are quenching coefficients only numbers between 0 and 1?

The calculations showed that the quenching coefficients currently in use are not only numbers between 0 and 1 as one would expect when taking them as a relative measure of the quenching process. Most quenching coefficients must be regarded and interpreted carefully separated from each other.

What are the relative quenching coefficients for de-excitation?

Only the relative quenching coefficients q (P)rel and q (N)rel match together and can be used to demonstrate a shift of the energy de-excitation from the photochemical to the non-photochemical route.

Does antheraxanthin explain non-photochemical fluorescence quenching of xanthophylls?

Gilmore AM, Yamamoto HY(1993) Linear models relating xanthophylls and lumen acidity to non-photochemical fluorescence quenching: evidence that antheraxanthin explains zeaxanthin-independent quenching. Photosynth Res35:67–78