In some occasions, you will have to write an essay in the extremely short amount of time on the exam in college or high school. Also, you may be a little bit of a procrastinator, and find yourself in a situation when the paper is due tomorrow morning, and you have not even chosen the topic yet. Even though a last-minute essay cannot look as great as a work prepared successively and carefully within the whole time given, you still have a chance to submit a decent paper. The working process will require your full attention and a lot of effort, even if you are assigned a simple essay. However, if you learn the next few tips, the essay writing will seem significantly easier and feasible even when you are short on time.

Firstly, clean up your working space to get started. Make sure you have everything you need on the table, take a pen, a few sticky notes, your laptop, and read through the assignment requirements. In case no prompt is given, search for good essay topics, and pick a few uncommon and interesting ones you will be able to write about. Making a final choice, think which topic is the most relevant to your current studies and will not take too much to research.

Afterwards, look for the most trustworthy sources or the ones you are certainly allowed to use. If you are not sure, access the online library or any free services where you can look for the books and articles for your essay. Use sticky notes to write down the information and put them in front of you to see how much data has been gathered and if you need to continue researching. Reread these notes from time to time and cross out the info you do not find relevant anymore.

When you have the data you need to produce a quality work, it is crucial to think about the structure of the future paper. If you are not sure how to write an essay outline properly, check what your essay type is first. Each type is organized differently, so you need to look up the structure every time you are given an essay homework. You can also search for an example of the essay on your topic, and adhere to its outline. No matter what kind of essay you are going to write, it is important to start with a thesis statement. It should declare what problem you will review in the paper, and which facts or arguments you will use to do it professionally. As these arguments will be discussed in the main part of the essay, outline the body paragraphs and put down a few sentences with the rough description of each paragraph. Think of the way you will engage the reader in the introduction, and which thought will be conclusive for the paper. When the direction of the work is clear from the outline, use it to draft the first version of the essay.

If you are not used to model essay writing, do not worry - your draft should not necessarily look like a masterpiece. It is only the depiction of your thoughts, and as you will have them written down, it will be easier to create a good essay. There is no best way to write an essay, so trust the working methods you usually use. You may like taking short breaks once in a few minutes, or write everything in one sit - just make sure to keep the focus on writing and avoid the urge to call a friend or watch something online. Thus, you will finish the paper faster, and will not feel guilty for engaging in other activities afterwards.

Do not forget to go through the essay a few times after the completion. Everyone makes typos and mistakes by accident, but it is about you to find and fix them before your teacher does. If you need help with an essay editing, try asking a friend or a family member to read and analyze your work. Also, you can order editing services in case your paper needs to be perfectly polished so that you can submit an ideal essay and get an excellent grade.

As these steps are simple to follow, you will not have any problems coping with an essay on time. Try the whole procedure at least once, and you will not have to use any other tips preparing an essay paper during your studies!

Is 18O heavier than 16O?

This trend occurs because of the effects of precipitation and evaporation. Since it is lighter than 18O, 16O evaporates first, so in warm, tropical areas, the ocean is high in 18O. Additionally, as water vapor condenses to form rain, water droplets rich in 18O precipitate first because it is heavier than 16O.

What does delta 18O tell you about the earth?

Regionally negative δ18O signals (more O16) can indicate that an area experienced increased rainfall. Because the ocean bottom water is more homogeneous, or well-mixed, compared to the surface ocean water, benthic foraminifera record ‘global’ isotope values.

What does the 18O 16O ratio tell us about the past?

The 18O/16O ratio provides a record of ancient water temperature. Water 10 to 15 °C (18 to 27 °F) cooler than present represents glaciation. As colder temperatures spread toward the equator, water vapor rich in 18O preferentially rains out at lower latitudes.

What is the difference between 16O and 18O?

Isotope Geochemistry Isotopes are forms of a chemical element that have the same atomic number but differ in mass. 16O → 8 protons + 8 neutrons; a “light” oxygen); The relative amounts are expressed as either 18O/16O or δ 18O Oxygen – 18 (aka 18O → 8 protons + 10 neutrons; a “heavy” oxygen).

Why ice and liquid forms of water have different percentages of 18O?

The water vapor that reaches the polar regions precipitates as snow, eventually becoming ice. Ocean water and ocean-floor sediments contain more 18O than ice cores, so the ocean water and sediments have a higher 18O/ 16O ratio than ice cores.

What do changes in the ratio of 18O to 16O as a function of time tell us?

What do changes in the ration of 18O to 16O in the shells of plankton, as a function of time, tell us? That sea water temperature changes with time, because the ration of isotope incorporated into shells depends on temperature.

Why is the δ18O value of all precipitation less than that of ocean water?

Why is the δ18O value of all precipitation less than that of ocean water? Evaporation from the ocean surface results in fractionation. Water vapor is depleted in 16O relative to the ocean, and therefore has a low δ18O.

What is oxygen-18 water used for?

Oxygen-18 in the water or gaseous form serves as a source for short-lived positron-emitting isotope fluorine-18, which allows tracking the processes of cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, evaluating the impact of drugs on neuroreceptors.

What controls the amounts of 18O and 16O in the ocean at any given time?

The water vapor with 18O condenses and precipitates out first at lower latitudes. This causes the oceans to have more 18O. In a warmer climate, ocean water would contain more 16O because as ice sheets melt, the water with 16O is returned to the ocean.

Why is the δ18O value of ice sheets less than that of ocean water?

Consider your answers to the questions in the pre-lab assignment. Why is the δ18O value of all precipitation less than that of ocean water? Evaporation from the ocean surface results in fractionation. Water vapor is depleted in 16O relative to the ocean, and therefore has a low δ18O.

Why does the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in the oceans increase during an ice age?

The 18O/16O ratio would be larger during glacial periods because ocean water would be enriched in 18O, while more 16O would be trapped in the ice caps.

Is oxygen-18 stable or unstable?

While most oxgen atoms have a mass of 16 (8 protons and 8 neutrons), a small number of oxygen atoms have a mass of 18 (8 protons and 10 neutrons). Both of these isotopes are stable; they do not undergo radioactive decay. Water molecules (H2O) in the ocean may contain either isotope, oxygen 16 or oxygen 18.

How can δ 18 O be used to reconstruct the climate?

Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) used measurements of δ 18 O in benthic foraminifera from 57 globally distributed deep sea sediment cores, taken as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets, to reconstruct the climate for the past five million years.

What is the ratio of 16 and 18 O to water?

The ratio varies slightly depending on the temperature of the surrounding water, as well as other factors such as the water’s salinity, and the volume of water locked up in ice sheets. δ18 O also reflects local evaporation and freshwater input, as rainwater is 16 O-enriched—a result of the preferential evaporation of the lighter 16 O from seawater.

How can δ 18 O be used as a climate proxy?

δ 18 O can be used with ice cores to determine the temperature from when the ice was formed. Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) used measurements of δ 18 O in benthic foraminifera from 57 globally distributed deep sea sediment cores, taken as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets, to reconstruct the climate for the past five million years.

What is the O-18 database?

This database is a collection of over 26,000 seawater O-18 values made since about 1950. We hope that other researchers can benefit from the not-inconsiderable pain it took to collect, verify and put together all these different sources.