What is xenobiotic biotransformation?
Point 1 Xenobiotic biotransformation or drug metabolism is the process of converting lipophilic (fat-soluble) chemicals, which are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and other sites, into hydrophilic (water-soluble) chemicals, which are readily excreted in urine or bile.
What is the main function of biotransformation of xenobiotics in the body?
The major purpose of biotransformation is to chemically modify (metabolize) poorly excretable lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic chemicals that are readily excreted in urine and/or bile. Without metabolism, lipophilic xenobiotics accumulate in biota, increasing the potential for toxicity.
How are xenobiotics metabolized?
3 Metabolism. Drug metabolism, sometimes called xenobiotic metabolism, is the process of biotransforming less polar compounds into more polar compounds that can be excreted more easily. Biotransformation typically occurs through a series of enzymatic reactions involving the cytochrome P450 system.
What are the stages of xenobiotic detoxification?
The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases:- modification, conjugation, and excretion. These reactions act in concert to detoxify xenobiotics and remove them from cells.
What is involved in biotransformation?
Biotransformation refers to the process by which lipophilic (fat-soluble), xenobiotic (foreign), or endobiotic (endogenous) chemicals are converted in the body by enzymatic reactions to products that are more hydrophilic (water-soluble).
What’s the definition of biotransformation?
Biotransformation is a metabolic process that takes place mainly in the liver and helps to facilitate the excretion of both exogenous and endogenous substances. A series of reactions alter the chemical structures of these substances.
What are the types of biotransformation?
Biotransformation is of two types: Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic. Enzymatic are further divided into Microsomal and Non-microsomal. Enzymatic Elimination is the biotransformation occurring due to various enzymes present in the body.
What are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes?
Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, important for the metabolism, elimination and detoxification of exogenous agents, are found in most tissues and organs and are distinguished into phase I and phase II enzymes, as well as phase III transporters.
What is the most important step in metabolism of xenobiotic compounds?
Metabolism of xenobiotics: xenobiochemistry However, more careful study of the metabolism of large numbers of drugs and xenobiotics revealed that oxidation played an important role and that many reactions, such as demethylation, were oxygen dependent.
What are xenobiotics PDF?
Xenobiotic compounds are man made chemicals that are present in the environment at higher concentration. These are either not produced naturally or are produced at much lower amount than that by man. The compounds that resist biodegradation and persist in the environment for long period of time are called recalcitrant.
What is biotransformation in toxicology?
Biotransformation is the process by which a substance changes from one chemical to another (transformed) by a chemical reaction within the body. Metabolism or metabolic transformations are terms frequently used for the biotransformation process.
What are the four types of biotransformation process?
Hydroxylation with reduction; Hydroxylation with oxidation; hydroxylation with side chain degradation; rupture of C-C linkages with oxidation of side chain.
- Methods of Biotransformation:
- Range of Biotransformation:
- Applications of Biotransformation: